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Record Information
Version1.0
Creation Date2016-09-30 22:26:31 UTC
Update Date2020-06-04 22:23:45 UTC
MCDB ID BMDB0000191
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • BMDB00191
Metabolite Identification
Common NameL-Aspartic acid
DescriptionL-Aspartic acid, also known as Asp or D, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aspartic acid and derivatives. Aspartic acid and derivatives are compounds containing an aspartic acid or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of aspartic acid at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. L-Aspartic acid exists as a solid, possibly soluble (in water), and a very strong basic compound (based on its pKa) molecule. L-Aspartic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. L-Aspartic acid has been found to be associated with several diseases known as frontotemporal dementia, pancreatic cancer, cirrhosis, and perillyl alcohol administration for cancer treatment; also l-aspartic acid has been linked to the inborn metabolic disorders including growth hormone deficiency.
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
ValueSource
(S)-2-Aminobutanedioic acidChEBI
(S)-2-Aminosuccinic acidChEBI
2-Aminosuccinic acidChEBI
AspChEBI
ASPARTIC ACIDChEBI
DChEBI
L-AsparaginsaeureChEBI
L-AspKegg
(S)-2-AminobutanedioateGenerator
(S)-2-AminosuccinateGenerator
2-AminosuccinateGenerator
ASPARTateGenerator
L-AspartateGenerator
(+)-AspartateHMDB
(+)-Aspartic acidHMDB
(2S)-AspartateHMDB
(2S)-Aspartic acidHMDB
(L)-AspartateHMDB
(L)-Aspartic acidHMDB
(R)-2-AminosuccinateHMDB
(S)-(+)-AspartateHMDB
(S)-(+)-Aspartic acidHMDB
(S)-Amino-butanedioateHMDB
(S)-Amino-butanedioic acidHMDB
(S)-AminobutanedioateHMDB
(S)-Aminobutanedioic acidHMDB
(S)-AspartateHMDB
(S)-Aspartic acidHMDB
2-Amino-3-methylsuccinateHMDB
2-Amino-3-methylsuccinic acidHMDB
alpha-AminosuccinateHMDB
alpha-Aminosuccinic acidHMDB
AminosuccinateHMDB
AsparagateHMDB
Asparagic acidHMDB
AsparaginateHMDB
Asparaginic acidHMDB
AsparatateHMDB
H-Asp-OHHMDB
L-(+)-AspartateHMDB
L-(+)-Aspartic acidHMDB
L-AminosuccinateHMDB
L-Aminosuccinic acidHMDB
L-AsparagateHMDB
L-Asparagic acidHMDB
L-AsparaginateHMDB
L-Asparaginic acidHMDB
(+-)-Aspartic acidHMDB
(R,S)-Aspartic acidHMDB
Aspartate, disodiumHMDB
Aspartate, magnesiumHMDB
Aspartate, monopotassiumHMDB
Aspartic acid, dipotassium saltHMDB
Aspartic acid, hydrobromideHMDB
Aspartic acid, monopotassium saltHMDB
Aspartic acid, monosodium saltHMDB
Aspartic acid, potassium saltHMDB
L AspartateHMDB
MG5LongoralHMDB
Potassium aspartateHMDB
PolysuccinimideHMDB
Ammonium aspartateHMDB
Aspartate, ammoniumHMDB
Aspartate, calciumHMDB
Aspartate, monosodiumHMDB
Aspartic acid, calcium saltHMDB
Aspartic acid, disodium saltHMDB
Aspartic acid, magnesium (1:1) salt, hydrochloride, trihydrateHMDB
Dipotassium aspartateHMDB
Disodium aspartateHMDB
Hydrochloride, aspartate magnesiumHMDB
Monopotassium aspartateHMDB
Sodium aspartateHMDB
Aspartate, dipotassiumHMDB
Aspartic acid, magnesium (2:1) saltHMDB
Aspartic acid, sodium saltHMDB
Hydrobromide aspartic acidHMDB
Magnesium aspartateHMDB
MG 5 LongoralHMDB
Monosodium aspartateHMDB
Aspartate magnesium hydrochlorideHMDB
Aspartate, potassiumHMDB
Aspartate, sodiumHMDB
Aspartic acid, ammonium saltHMDB
Aspartic acid, hydrochlorideHMDB
Aspartic acid, magnesium-potassium (2:1:2) saltHMDB
Calcium aspartateHMDB
Hydrochloride aspartic acidHMDB
L Aspartic acidHMDB
MagnesiocardHMDB
MG-5-LongoralHMDB
Poly-DL-succinimideHMDB
Chemical FormulaC4H7NO4
Average Molecular Weight133.1027
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight133.037507717
IUPAC Name(2S)-2-aminobutanedioic acid
Traditional NameL-aspartic acid
CAS Registry Number56-84-8
SMILES
N[C@@H](CC(O)=O)C(O)=O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C4H7NO4/c5-2(4(8)9)1-3(6)7/h2H,1,5H2,(H,6,7)(H,8,9)/t2-/m0/s1
InChI KeyCKLJMWTZIZZHCS-REOHCLBHSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aspartic acid and derivatives. Aspartic acid and derivatives are compounds containing an aspartic acid or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of aspartic acid at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic acids and derivatives
ClassCarboxylic acids and derivatives
Sub ClassAmino acids, peptides, and analogues
Direct ParentAspartic acid and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Aspartic acid or derivatives
  • Alpha-amino acid
  • L-alpha-amino acid
  • Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Fatty acid
  • Amino acid
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Organic oxide
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Primary amine
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Primary aliphatic amine
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Amine
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point270 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water Solubility5.39 mg/mLYALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992)
LogP-3.89CHMELIK,J ET AL. (1991)
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
logP-3.5ALOGPS
logP-3.5ChemAxon
logS0.03ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)1.7ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)9.61ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count5ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count3ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area100.62 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count3ChemAxon
Refractivity26.53 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability11.28 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
Bioavailability1ChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateView
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)splash10-0f89-0960000000-5a6a6cb21e9fc0875f842014-06-16View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)splash10-0f89-0950000000-51399a8446c3944597652014-06-16View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)splash10-0f89-0950000000-f07e7f52b3c31fd119f52014-06-16View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)splash10-0f89-0950000000-9e175dfa17a8b17a72d22014-06-16View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (Non-derivatized)splash10-0f89-0950000000-f4475587d5a3b20bfc582014-06-16View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)splash10-00di-9430000000-0cac9a97e698db1672b52014-06-16View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (2 TMS)splash10-03yi-1900000000-ea61b8526ee02ae79b662014-06-16View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (3 TMS)splash10-0f89-1890000000-7da576c8129142b71a1b2014-06-16View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (4 TMS)splash10-0pb9-0981000000-ad23d55e348f55115f002014-06-16View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-001i-0590000000-13cc5a7841854e97f68b2017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-0f89-0960000000-5a6a6cb21e9fc0875f842017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-0f89-0950000000-51399a8446c3944597652017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-0f89-0950000000-f07e7f52b3c31fd119f52017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-0f89-0950000000-9e175dfa17a8b17a72d22017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-0f89-0950000000-f4475587d5a3b20bfc582017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-QQ (Non-derivatized)splash10-0g4i-6946100000-0ae49e3be0f2f1f920652017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-00di-9430000000-0cac9a97e698db1672b52017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)splash10-03yi-1900000000-ea61b8526ee02ae79b662017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)splash10-0f89-1890000000-7da576c8129142b71a1b2017-09-12View Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)splash10-0pb9-0981000000-ad23d55e348f55115f002017-09-12View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-000f-9100000000-b7db3377089f4c95001b2016-09-22View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (2 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-01w4-9610000000-0f1463c6395830708e122017-10-06View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-0079-9300000000-92f9914d94078d96f5cf2012-07-24View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-00di-9000000000-c467d10f2b7e21ed17342012-07-24View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-00dl-9000000000-87f0c58226f5a2f3ac8a2012-07-24View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-00di-0900000000-fde7ef1951fddff4b8172012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-0uk9-8900000000-2d7e5609618437e592722012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-000i-9000000000-4b43567f4a446aed08282012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-014i-4900000000-45382d9abd25be948e5b2012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-001i-0900000000-3f39a9b758e282358ac02012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-014i-3900000000-44d361ad09ff9a30dd142012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-000i-9000000000-18e1dba62e6b803e17b82012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-0002-0930000000-d97f9518a2d516d830c52012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negativesplash10-02ai-0962100000-909bb894b2c1318afee42012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negativesplash10-00di-9000000000-f2059dd438fcf62f62e12012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negativesplash10-03dr-7900000000-8b7b89ed34530e3310242012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negativesplash10-014i-0190000000-58a78949f4b93de22aab2012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negativesplash10-001i-0921000000-214b6b969fdc4216ca712012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negativesplash10-03dr-6900000000-4918748927dd097d28792012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negativesplash10-001i-0900000000-88dc2f1093f261e762012012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negativesplash10-004i-0290000000-a8856f56645a2961baac2012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Negativesplash10-001i-0900000000-8cf9870557ca9adc33742012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Negativesplash10-000i-9400000000-81b2804a712625a2d9c42012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Negativesplash10-000i-9000000000-9bf77ba12ad952f84ac02012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Negativesplash10-00di-9000000000-e08bfb96c5fd8c9b9db72012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Negativesplash10-0006-9000000000-876e30f6c9ed061091fe2012-08-31View Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Positivesplash10-00dl-9000000000-6c0d44d4e3853e5701a32012-08-31View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental)Not Available2012-12-04View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 125 MHz, H2O, experimental)Not Available2012-12-04View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, D2O, experimental)Not Available2016-10-22View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)Not Available2021-09-16View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, H2O, experimental)Not Available2021-10-10View Spectrum
2D NMR[1H, 1H]-TOCSY. Unexported temporarily by An Chi on Oct 15, 2021 until json or nmrML file is generated. 2D NMR Spectrum (experimental)Not Available2012-12-04View Spectrum
2D NMR[1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 400 MHz, H2O, experimental)Not Available2012-12-05View Spectrum
Concentrations
StatusValueReferenceDetails
Detected but not QuantifiedNot Applicable
  • Kurt J. Boudonck,...
details
Detected but not QuantifiedNot Applicable details
Detected and Quantified10 - 77 uM details
Detected and Quantified21788 uM details
Detected and Quantified21788 uM details
Detected and Quantified21788 uM details
Detected and Quantified21788 uM details
Detected and Quantified21036 uM details
Detected and Quantified21036 uM details
Detected and Quantified21036 uM details
Detected but not QuantifiedNot Applicable
  • Kurt J. Boudonck,...
details
Detected and Quantified20 +/- 1 uM details
Detected and Quantified19 +/- 3 uM details
Detected and Quantified19 +/- 3 uM details
Detected and Quantified21 +/- 3 uM details
Detected and Quantified19 +/- 1 uM details
Detected and Quantified20 +/- 2 uM details
Detected and Quantified19 +/- 1 uM details
Detected and Quantified21 +/- 2 uM details
Detected and Quantified29 +/- 13 uM details
Detected and Quantified20 +/- 7.1 uM details
Detected and Quantified29 +/- 11 uM details
HMDB IDHMDB0000191
DrugBank IDDB00128
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FoodDB IDFDB012567
KNApSAcK IDC00001342
Chemspider ID5745
KEGG Compound IDC00049
BioCyc IDL-ASPARTATE
BiGG ID33663
Wikipedia LinkAspartic acid
METLIN ID5206
PubChem Compound5960
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID17053
References
Synthesis ReferencePamfil, Maria; Lupescu, Irina; Savoiu, Valeria Gabriela. L-aspartic acid production from fumarate using Escherichia coli whole cells. Rom. (2005), 3pp.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Download (PDF)
General References
  1. Klein MS, Almstetter MF, Schlamberger G, Nurnberger N, Dettmer K, Oefner PJ, Meyer HH, Wiedemann S, Gronwald W: Nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry-based milk metabolomics in dairy cows during early and late lactation. J Dairy Sci. 2010 Apr;93(4):1539-50. doi: 10.3168/jds.2009-2563. [PubMed:20338431 ]
  2. Melzer N, Wittenburg D, Hartwig S, Jakubowski S, Kesting U, Willmitzer L, Lisec J, Reinsch N, Repsilber D: Investigating associations between milk metabolite profiles and milk traits of Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci. 2013 Mar;96(3):1521-34. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-5743. [PubMed:23438684 ]
  3. Mung D, Li L: Development of Chemical Isotope Labeling LC-MS for Milk Metabolomics: Comprehensive and Quantitative Profiling of the Amine/Phenol Submetabolome. Anal Chem. 2017 Apr 18;89(8):4435-4443. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03737. Epub 2017 Mar 28. [PubMed:28306241 ]
  4. O'Callaghan TF, Vazquez-Fresno R, Serra-Cayuela A, Dong E, Mandal R, Hennessy D, McAuliffe S, Dillon P, Wishart DS, Stanton C, Ross RP: Pasture Feeding Changes the Bovine Rumen and Milk Metabolome. Metabolites. 2018 Apr 6;8(2). pii: metabo8020027. doi: 10.3390/metabo8020027. [PubMed:29642378 ]
  5. Mung D, Li L: Applying quantitative metabolomics based on chemical isotope labeling LC-MS for detecting potential milk adulterant in human milk. Anal Chim Acta. 2018 Feb 25;1001:78-85. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.11.019. Epub 2017 Nov 14. [PubMed:29291809 ]
  6. Kurt J. Boudonck, Matthew W. Mitchell, Jacob Wulff and John A. Ryals (2009). Kurt J. Boudonck, Matthew W. Mitchell, Jacob Wulff and John A. Ryals. Characterization of the biochemical variability of bovine milk using metabolomics. Metabolomics (2009) 5:375?386. Metabolomics.
  7. A. Foroutan et al. (2019). A. Foroutan et al. The Chemical Composition of Commercial Cow's Milk (in preparation). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.
  8. Fooddata+, The Technical University of Denmark (DTU) [Link]